The amniotic membrane (AM) is the innermost layer of the placenta, comprising a thick basement membrane and an avascular stromal matrix. It has been used in ophthalmology since the early twentieth century, with renewed interest following the work of Kim and Tseng in the 1990s, who demonstrated its efficacy in ocular surface reconstruction (1). Its unique biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, anti- angiogenic, and pro-epithelialisation effects, make it a versatile adjunct in the management of a wide range of ocular surface conditions (1,2). Amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) is now an established surgical technique in corneal and anterior segment practice, and familiarity with its indications and applications is essential for ophthalmic trainees.

Five generations of IOL power calculation formulas trace a progression from empirical regression to data-driven prediction. Accurate prediction of the effective lens position (ELP), the postoperative anterior-posterior location of the implanted IOL, remains the central, persistent technical challenge.

Cystoid macular oedema (CMO) is one of the leading causes of visual loss in non-infectious uveitis (NIU) and frequently resists conventional treatment, including corticosteroids, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors.

Since the introduction of daily disposable contact lenses and highly oxygen-permeable silicone hydrogel materials, resulting in improvements in comfort and eye health, contact lens use has skyrocketed. There are at least 125 million contact lens wearers globally, which is increasing by 6% each year. However, despite their generally safe profile, contact lens misuse is a significant and preventable cause of ocular morbidity. Poor hygiene practices, extended wear, and inappropriate storage are all associated with a range of complications that can lead to permanent visual impairment. Common complications include microbial keratitis (MK), corneal hypoxia, and dry eyes, with patient education and prevention key to addressing them.

Ophthalmology represents a unique blend of medicine and meticulous surgery. The slightest movements are significant. For medical students and doctors considering a career in ophthalmology, it is important to have exposure to the field and an insight into microsurgery. The introduction to microsurgery skills course organised by The Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth) in London provides that essential exposure with an emphasis on setting strong foundations under consultant supervision.

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is an ophthalmic emergency characterized by the separation of the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium, typically requiring prompt surgical intervention to optimise visual outcomes. Among the most important determinants of functional prognosis is the macular status at presentation: whether the fovea remains attached (“macula‑on”) or has detached (“macula‑off”).

Down syndrome (DS), caused by full or partial trisomy 21, is the most common chromosomal disorder in the UK, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 1,000 live births. Beyond its cognitive and systemic phenotype, DS confers an increased burden of ophthalmologic morbidity.

There is no lecture series or workshop focused on sending a considerate email to a clinician, or how to communicate clearly to a busy registrar, nor how to convey initial enthusiasm and then provide consistent hours of effort. Nevertheless, these skills create the conditions in which opportunities arise for aspiring ophthalmologists.

This reliance on sight makes visual impairment particularly impactful. Loss of vision disrupts daily routines and limits participation in work, education, and social life. Yet, despite its importance, vision is rarely prioritised in health discussions unless impairment becomes apparent.