Gradenigo syndrome is a rare but important complication of otitis media. It is classically described as a triad of persistent ear infection, abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI) palsy, and retro-orbital or facial pain along the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) distribution. From an ophthalmologist’s perspective, the lateral rectus weakness and resulting diplopia are often the first symptoms that prompt referral. The syndrome arises when infection spreads to the petrous apex of the temporal bone, leading to osteomyelitis and subsequent cranial nerve dysfunction.

Choroideremia (CHM) is a rare, X-linked recessive chorioretinal dystrophy characterized by the progressive degeneration of the choriocapillaris, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and photoreceptors. The condition was first described by the Austrian ophthalmologist Ludwig Mauthner in 1872. The genetic basis was elucidated in 1990 when potential cloning identified the CHM gene located on chromosome Xq21.2.

Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina is a rare, autosomal recessive metabolic disorder affecting the chorioretinal tissues. The disease is caused by mutations in the OAT gene located on chromosome 10q26, which encodes the mitochondrial enzyme ornithine aminotransferase.

The Caledonia Oculoplastics Course is a focused educational programme designed to introduce and consolidate core principles in oculoplastic surgery. Aimed at junior ophthalmology trainees and doctors with an interest in the subspecialty, the course provides foundational theory with practical, hands-on experience. I found the course well organised, highly engaging, educational, and particularly valuable in building confidence with common oculoplastic procedures.

Pathologists are at the forefront of personalised medicine, using molecular tools to tailor diagnoses, prognoses, and treatments. In ophthalmic pathology, one of the most significant developments in recent years has been the integration of gene expression profiling (GEP) into the management of uveal melanoma, the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults in the United Kingdom. Traditionally risk stratification has been based on tumour size, cell morphology, and mitotic activity. The development of GEP assays, particularly DecisionDx-UM, has significantly improved prognostic accuracy in uveal melanoma, paving the way for personalised care based on molecular tumour profiling.

Uveitis refers to inflammation of the uvea (the iris, ciliary body and choroid) but in clinical practice it encompasses intraocular inflammation affecting adjacent structures such as the retina, vitreous and optic nerve. Although it represents a relatively small proportion of ophthalmic disease overall, it is responsible for a disproportionate amount of visual morbidity, accounting for around 10% of blindness worldwide. Uveitis can be acute or chronic, infectious or immune-mediated, and may occur in isolation or in association with a systemic condition. Because the eye is exquisitely sensitive to inflammation, even small degrees of intraocular disturbance can result in substantial symptoms or complications; for this reason, timely recognition and management are of great importance.

The ArcLight is a compact, low-cost, solar-powered ophthalmoscope and examination light designed to combine multiple ophthalmic examination functions into a single handheld device. Originally developed for use in low-resource settings, it was created to address the global challenge of limited access to ophthalmic equipment, particularly in rural or underserved areas. However, its design and functionality have clear relevance to acute care environments in high-income healthcare systems.

Ophthalmology specialty training in the UK is now extremely competitive, with over 20 applicants for each post. This can feel daunting, especially as a medical student, but starting early and taking small, achievable steps can make a real difference.

Attending the Midland Ophthalmological Society (MOS) Annual General Meeting has been one of the highlights of my early ophthalmology experience. The meeting offers a mix of teaching, trainee involvement, and informal networking, which together provide a realistic sense of the specialty. Having attended both the 2024 and 2025 AGMs, I noticed how each year’s focus shaped the learning experience and offered opportunities that matched my own career stage as a resident doctor considering ophthalmology training.

Leukocoria, defined as a white pupillary reflex, represents one of the most urgent clinical signs in paediatric ophthalmology and should always be regarded as pathological until proven otherwise. Leukocoria has a broad differential diagnosis collectively including both malignant and non‑malignant entities, but the immediate clinical priority is to exclude retinoblastoma  without delay.