Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction, characterized by fluctuating muscle weakness. Ocular manifestations are often the first and most common presentation of MG, making early recognition by ophthalmologists crucial in preventing systemic progression and improving patient outcomes.

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that provides high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina. OCT uses light waves to capture detailed images, similar to ultrasound but with light instead of sound waves. OCT can be particularly helpful in diagnosing macular holes, epiretinal membranes, vitreomacular traction, macular oedema and exudates and detachments of the retina. Here is a guide to basic OCT interpretation.

Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP), also called Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome is a rare genetic disorder primarily caused by mutations in the NEMO gene (Nuclear Factor-kappa B Essential Modulator) also known as the IKBKG gene. It is a primary immunodeficiency disorder that affects the skin, hair, teeth, eyes, and central nervous system.

Retinoblastoma is the most common paediatric intraocular malignancy, accounting for around 3% of all childhood cancers. Due to their aggressive and potentially life-threatening nature, early diagnosis and treatment are essential. Recent advances in genetic testing, imaging, and targeted therapies have significantly improved outcomes in those affected by retinoblastoma. This article explores the latest advancements in the diagnosis and management of this potentially life-threatening disease.

Deciding to embark on a career in ophthalmology has been a profoundly rewarding journey, marked by a commitment to mastering both theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Among the most valuable aspects of the application process has been the pursuit of ophthalmic surgical simulation experience. This reflection explores the structured steps one can take to develop surgical skills and the insights gained from these experiences.

Ophthalmology services receive a high volume of patients and according to The Royal College of Ophthalmologists, in the UK this specialty was the highest volume specialty resulting in 8.1% hospital outpatient visits nationally in 2018-2019. Carbon emissions released when travelling to and from clinics and follow-up appointments, excess equipment in surgical packs, incorrectly disposed items also lead to high waste output. Within ophthalmology, there are numerous ‘single-use’ protocols required which ensure patient safety by avoiding cross-contamination, such as endophthalmitis.

Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome (THS) is a rare, idiopathic inflammatory disorder characterized by painful ophthalmoplegia due to inflammation within the cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure. First described by Tolosa in 1954 and later refined by Hunt in 1961, the syndrome is now classified as a headache disorder by the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3). The hallmark features include severe periorbital pain accompanied by cranial nerve palsies.

For foundation doctors stepping into the fast-paced environment of the emergency department (ED), ophthalmology can feel like uncharted territory. Training often provides limited hands-on exposure to eye care, and the combination of diverse presentations and specialised tools can make these cases seem intimidating. However, with a systematic approach and a focus on key skills, managing ophthalmic cases in the ED becomes more approachable. This guide offers practical strategies to help foundation doctors build confidence and provide effective care for patients with eye-related complaints.

The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a rare group of lysosomal storage disorders, each characterised by deficiency in a specific lysosomal enzyme responsible for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) degradation. Pathological accumulation of GAGs occurs in multiple organ systems, including the eye, leading to a broad range of clinical features. Despite MPS being uncommon overall, ocular involvement is relatively frequent within this group of disorders and can significantly compromise vision. This article provides a concise overview of the key ophthalmic manifestations of MPS, highlighting anterior and posterior segment changes, diagnosis and management considerations.

Refsum disease, originally termed Heredopathia Atactica Polyneuritiformis, is a metabolic disorder characterised by the accumulation of phytanic acid in blood and tissues. Originally described in 1946, its four hallmark findings were: retinitis pigmentosa (RP), peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar ataxia and elevated protein content in the cerebrospinal fluid. Most cases result from variants in the PHYH gene, encoding phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for the first step in phytanic acid alpha-oxidation; some cases are also attributed to variants in the PEX7 gene which is involved in transporting this enzyme into peroxisomes.